Glossary of terms

  • PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) – programmable logic control unit – the main “brain” of the entire device
  • HMI (Human Machine Interface) – standard touch screen for controlling and diagnosing the machine
  • Servo drive – a high-precision drive that uses feedback (e.g. from an encoder) to accurately control the motor’s position, speed, and torque. It is commonly used in CNC machines, robotics, and automated production lines.
  • Frequency converter – an electronic device used to control the speed of asynchronous motors by varying the frequency and voltage. It enables smooth starting, speed regulation, and energy savings.
  • Asynchronous drive – a drive system using an asynchronous (induction) motor, commonly used in industry due to its simplicity, reliability, and low cost. It can be controlled by a variable frequency drive.
  • Collaborative robot – a robot designed to work collaboratively with humans in a shared workspace without the need for safety fencing. It is equipped with sensors and software for collision detection and safe operation.
  • Collaborative Application – an application in which a human and a robot work together on a task, with the robot typically performing repetitive or physically demanding operations, while the human handles tasks that require fine motor skills or decision-making.
  • Industrial robot – an automated, programmable multi-axis device (typically with 6 or more axes) that performs repetitive tasks such as welding, palletizing, assembly, and material handling. It is typically operated within a safety enclosure to ensure safe operation.
  • Vision system – a camera and software system used for image capture, recognition, quality inspection, and guidance in automated processes. It is used for product inspection, object recognition, and code reading.
  • AI (Artificial intelligence) – algorithms that enable machines to learn, make decisions, or make predictions based on data. In industry, it is used for predictive maintenance, process optimization, and quality control.
  • VR (Virtual reality) – a simulated 3D environment that users experience through a headset. In industry, it is used for operator training, workplace simulations, and the design of ergonomic workstations.
  • Digital twin – a virtual model of a real device, production line, or process that enables its simulation, monitoring, and optimization in real time. It is connected to the physical system through sensors.
  • TIA Portal – Siemens software for programming, configuring, and visualizing PLCs, HMIs, and drives. It provides a unified engineering environment for the entire automation architecture.
  • Studio 5000 – software from Rockwell Automation (Allen-Bradley) for programming and configuring PLCs, particularly ControlLogix and CompactLogix systems. Similar to TIA Portal, it provides an integrated environment for developing automation solutions.
  • Ladder (LAD) – a programming language resembling electrical schematics (ladder diagrams), primarily used in industrial PLCs for logic control.
  • STL (Statement List) – a low-level text-based programming language for PLCs, similar to assembly language. It is used for precise, optimized control.
  • SCL (Structured Control Language) – a high-level programming language similar to Pascal, suitable for complex calculations, loops, and conditional statements. Mainly used in TIA Portal.
  • FBD (Function Block Diagram) – a graphical programming language for PLCs that uses function blocks and their interconnections, suitable for clear and visually structured control logic.
  • FB (Function Block) – a function block in Siemens PLCs – a reusable code structure with inputs, outputs, and internal memory. It enables modular programming.
  • OB (Organization Block) – an organization block in Siemens PLCs – defines the program structure, such as the main program cycle (OB1), interrupts, error handling, and more.
  • Risk analysis – a process aimed at identifying and assessing potential hazards associated with the use of a machine. The result is a list of risks that need to be minimized.
  • Risk Assessment – an extension of risk analysis that includes proposing measures to reduce risks to an acceptable level. It must be documented and retained by the manufacturer.
  • PLr (Performance Level required) – the required performance level of a safety-related control system according to the EN ISO 13849 standard. It indicates how reliable the safety circuit must be.
  • RFI (Request for Information) – a formal document or request for obtaining details about a product, service, or solution from suppliers. A non-binding stage of the selection process.
  • RFQ (Request for Quotation) – a formal document requesting a specific quotation from a supplier for a solution or product. Part of the procurement process.
  • CAPEX (Capital Expenditures) – costs associated with the purchase, construction, or improvement of long-term assets (e.g., new machinery or buildings). Unlike OPEX, these are investments with a long-term return.
  • OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) – a metric that evaluates machine utilization based on availability, performance, and quality. OEE = A × P × Q. The ideal value is 100%.